အေသာကရဲ႕ အကၡရာမ်ား-၁၅ (အပိုင္း-၂)

နာဂလဇနသ အကသၼာ ပလိေဗာေဓ ၀။ အကသၼာ ပလိကိေလေသ ၀ ေနာ သိယာ

လူအေပါင္းကို အေၾကာင္းမ႐ွိဘဲ ဖမ္းဆီးျခင္း ညႇင္းပန္းျခင္း မျပဳရ။

ေဒ၀ါနံပိယမင္း၏ စကားျဖင့္ ေတာသလိၿမိဳ႕ကို အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေသာ မဟာမတၱေခၚ အမတ္ႀကီးတို႔ကို ဤသို႔ ေျပာၾကားရမည္။
ငါေတြ႕ျမင္ေသာ အေၾကာင္းအရာကို သင္တို႔အား သိေစလို၏။ အသို႔နည္း။ ငါသည္ ျပဳသင့္ေသာ အမႈကို နည္းလမ္းအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးျဖင့္ စတင္ အားထုတ္မည္။ အက်ိဳးေက်းဇူး႐ွိေသာ နည္းလမ္းကို သင္တို႔အား ၫႊန္ၾကားမည္။ ယင္းသည္ အမွန္မုခ် ငါအလို႐ွိေသာ နည္းလမ္းျဖစ္၏။ သင္တို႔သည္ ေထာင္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာေသာ လူတို႔၏ မွီခိုရာ ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတို႔ ျမတ္ႏိုးျခင္း၏ တည္ရာျဖစ္ရမည္။
လူအေပါင္းသည္ ငါ၏ သားသမီးမ်ား ျဖစ္၏။ အသို႔နည္း- ငါ၏ သားသမီးမ်ားကို ပစၥဳပၸန္ တမလြန္ႏွင့္ စပ္လ်ဥ္းေသာ စီးပြားခ်မ္းသာကို ယွဥ္ေစလိုသကဲ့သို႔ လူတို႔၌လည္း ငါအလို႐ွိ၏။ ဤစကား၏ အဓိပၸါယ္အလံုးစံုကို အကုန္သိၾကမည္မဟုတ္။ တစံုတဦးသိေသာ္လည္း တစိတ္တေဒသမွ်သာ သိမည္။ အားလံုး သိမည္ မဟုတ္။
သင္တို႔သည္ ဤနည္းလမ္းကို ႐ႈၾကေလာ့၊ ယခု ေျပာၾကားမည့္ စကားသည္ ေကာင္းစြာ စီရင္ထားေသာ နီတိျဖစ္၏။ တစံုတေယာက္သည္ အေၾကာင္းမဲ့ အခ်ဳပ္အေႏွာင္, ညႇင္းပန္းနွိပ္စက္ျခင္း ခံရပါလွ်င္ သူႏွင့္ အျခားသူ အမ်ားအျပားလည္း အလြန္ ဆင္းရဲပင္ပန္းျခင္းသို႔ ေရာက္ၾကရ၏။ ထုိသုိ႔ေသာအခါ မဇၩိမပဋိပဒါကို အလို႐ွိအပ္၏။ အသို႔နည္း- ျငဴစူျခင္း,အားမထုတ္ျခင္း, ၾကမ္းၾကဳတ္ျခင္း, အေဆာတလ်င္ ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း, မစြမ္းႏိုင္ျခင္း, ပ်င္းရိျခင္း, အအိပ္ၾကဴးျခင္းတို႔ေၾကာင့္ ၿပီးေျမာက္ျခင္း မျဖစ္ႏိုင္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ယင္းတရားတို႔ မျဖစ္ေစရာ အစဥ္ အားထုတ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ အေဆာတလ်င္ မျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းသည္ တရားအားလံုး၏ မူလျဖစ္၍ ယင္းတို႔ကို ျပဳလုပ္အားထုတ္ရမည္။ မျပတ္မလပ္ က်င့္သြားၾကရမည္။
ထိုတရားျဖင့္ သူတပါးတို႔အားလည္း “ေဒ၀ါနံပိယမင္းသည္ ဤသို႔ ဆံုးမ၏။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ယင္းတရားကို ေကာင္းစြာ အားထုတ္ပါလွ်င္ အက်ိဳးျဖစ္မည္။ ျပည့္စံုစြာ မက်င့္ပါလွ်င္ အျပစ္ျဖစ္မည္။ ေဖာက္ျပန္၍ က်င့္ပါေသာ္ နတ္႐ြာသို႔လားရမည္။ ေႂကြးၿမီမွလည္း ကင္းမည္”ဟု ေျပာေဟာၾကေလာ့။
ဤစာကို ဤအက်ိဳးအတြက္ ေရးေစျခင္း ျဖစ္၏။ ယင္းစာျဖင့္ ၿမိဳ႕အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္သူတို႔သည္ အခါခပ္သိမ္း ဤသို႔ ယွဥ္ရာ၏။ အေၾကာင္းမ႐ွိဘဲ ၿမိဳ႕ေနလူတို႔ကို ခ်ဳပ္ေႏွာင္ျခင္း, ညႇင္းပန္းႏွိပ္စက္ျခင္းတို႔ မျပဳရ။
ဤအတြက္ ငါသည္ ငါးႏွစ္ ငါးႏွစ္ေျမာက္တိုင္း သိမ္ေမြ႕ေသာ, အျပစ္ကင္းေသာ, သနားက႐ုဏာ႐ွိေသာ အမတ္တို႔ကို ေစလႊတ္မည္။ သူတို႔သည္ ဤအက်ိဳးအားနိသင္ကို သိျမင္၍ ငါ၏ အဆံုးအမအတိုင္း ေဆာင္႐ြက္ၾကလိမ့္မည္။ ထို႔ျပင္ ဥေဇၨနီျပည္၌ မင္းသားလည္း ဤအက်ိဳးအတြက္ ဤနည္းလမ္းအတိုင္း အမႈထမ္းတို႔ကို ေစလႊတ္လိမ့္မည္။ တကၠသိုလ္ျပည္၌လည္း ဤအတူပင္တည္း။ အမတ္ႀကီးတို႔သည္ မိမိတို႔ ေဆာင္႐ြက္ရမည့္ အလုပ္ကိစၥကို သိၾကၿပီးျဖစ္၍ မင္းၫႊန္ၾကားသည့္အတိုင္း ႀကိဳးစားအားထုတ္ ျပဳလုပ္ၾကလိမ့္မည္။
(သိရီဓမၼာေသာကမင္းတရားႀကီး၏ ကိုးတိုင္းကိုးဌာန ဗုဒၶဓမၼႏိုင္ငံေတာ္-ဦးေသာ္ဇင္)



By order of the Beloved of the Gods: the officers and city magistrates at Tosali/Samapa are to be instructed thus:
Whatever I approve of, that I desire either to achieve by taking action or to obtain by effective means. This is what I consider the chief method in this matter, and these are my instructions to you. You are in charge of many thousands of living beings. You should gain the affection of men. All men are my children, and just as I desire for my children that they should obtain welfare and happiness both in this world and the next, the same do I desire for all men. But you do not realize how far this principle goes—possibly one man among you may realize it, but even he only in part and not entirely. Reflect on it well even those of you who are well-placed. Often a man suffers imprisonment or torture and then is released from prison, without reason, and many other people suffer further. You should strive to practice impartiality. But it cannot be practiced by one possessing any of these faults—jealousy, shortness of temper, harshness, rashness, obstinacy, idleness, or slackness. You should wish to avoid such faults. The root of all this is to be even-tempered and not rush in your work. He who is slack will not act, and in your official functions you must strive, act, and work. So he who approves this should say to you, ‘Think of clearing to debt—thus and thus, does the Beloved of the Gods instruct.’ There is great advantage in conforming to this instruction and great loss in not conforming to it. For by disregarding it you will gain neither heaven nor the favor of the king. Why do I devote my mind to this matter so extensively? Because by conforming you will reach heaven and will discharge your debt to me.
This edict is to be proclaimed on the eighth day of star Tisya, and at intervals between the Tisya-day it is to be read aloud, even to a single person. By doing this you may be able to conform to my instructions. This inscription has been engraved here in order that the city magistrates should at all time see to it that men are never imprisoned or tortured without good reason. And for this purpose, I shall send out on tour every five years, an officer who is not severe or harsh; who, having investigated this matter…, shall see that they carry out my instructions. The prince at Ujjain shall send out a similar group of officers, but at intervals not exceeding three years. Similarly at Taxila when the officers go out on tour they shall investigate this, without neglecting their normal duties and shall carry out the king’s instructions.
(Asoka and the decline of the Mauryas- Romila Thapar)


The mahamatra od Tosali who are in-charge of judiciary, should be addressed thus by the command of the Beloved of the Gods: Whatever I conceive, I desire to see that into practice and fulfilled by proper means. For this I consider my instructions to you to be the principal means to that end. You are appointed over thousands of lives in order that you may surely gain the affection of the people. All men are my children. I desire for my children that they be united with all well-being and happiness of this world and the other world, similarly I wish it for all people. But you do not know the extent of this matter. Some individual officer knows it, but he, too, knows only a part of it, not the whole. See to this then, and this in policy is well established. Again there may be some individual who undergoes imprisonment or torture which causelessly turns to be the reason of his death, and many other persons also suffer from it. For that purpose you should desire to follow the middle path. But one cannot gain success through the following vices, envy, nervousness, cruelty, impatience, want of application, laziness and weariness. So you should wish that these vices (mentioned above) not be yours. The fundamentals of success are, however, steadiness and patience. He who is tired and wearied will not rise, but one should move, proceed and go ahead. This is the maxim of conduct. This is the policy which you should follow. For this reason you are to be told (thus): “See to the fulfillment of your duty (to the king).” Such and such is the instruction of the Beloved of the Gods: “SO the fulfillment of the same produces great good and non-fulfillment great calamity. And if one fails to fulfill it, one will attain neither heaven nor favor of the emperor. Why?—for enthusiasm of mind for this purpose has twofold results. If it is properly done you will gain heaven and also discharge your obligation to me.”
And this edict is to be heard on (every day of) the Tisya, and in the gap of the Tisya, on occasion it may be heard by even a single (person). Acting this thus you will be able to achieve (this object). For this purpose has this edict been engraved here so that the judicial officers may strive all the time that there may be no imprisonment of the people or their torture without reason.
And for this purpose I shall order mahanatras to go out on tour every five years, who will neither be rude nor violent but considerate in action, so that being alert in it, the judicial officers will act in accordance with my instructions. From Ujjayini, too, the prince (viceroy) will similarly send these officers and will not allow a gap on tour without overlooking their own duty, they will think this also, namely, whether the judicial officers are acting in accordance with the instruction of the king.
(Inscriptions of Asoka- N. P. Rastogi)

အကၡရာေတြ က်န္ေသးတယ္ေနာ္…

အကၡရာေတြ ကုန္သြားၿပီေနာ္…

အေသာကရဲ႕ အကၡရာမ်ား-၁၅(အပိုင္း-၁)

မုနိေသာ ပဇာ မမာ။
လူအေပါင္းသည္ ငါ၏ သားသမီးမ်ားျဖစ္၏။

ေဒ၀ါနံပိယသ ၀စေနန ေတာသလိယံ မဟာမာတ နဂလပိေယာဟာလကာ။
၀တ၀ိယ။ အံ ကိဆိ ဒခါမိ ဟကံ တံ ဣဆာမိ။
ကႎတိ။ ကံမန ပဋိေ၀ဒေယဟံ။
ဒု၀လေတ စ အာလေဘဟံ ဧသ ဟ ေမ ေမာခ်မတ ဒု၀ါလ ဧတသိ အဌသိ အံ တုေဖသု။
အႏုသထိ။ တုေဖ ဟိ ဗဟူသု ပါနသဟေသသု အာယတာ။ ပနယံ ဂေဆမ သုမုနိသာနံ။ သေ၀
မုနိေသာ ပဇာ မမာ။ အထာ ပဇာေယ ဣဆာမိ ဟကံ။ ကႎတိ။ သေ၀န ဟိတသုေခန ဟိဒေလာကိက-
ပါလေလာကိကာေယ ယူေဇ၀ူ တိ။ တထာ (သေ၀သု) မုနိေသသု ပိ ဣဆာမိ ဟကံ ေနာ စ ပါပုနာထ အာ၀ါ ဂ-
မေက ဣယံ အေဌ။ ေကဆ ၀ ဧကပုလိေသ ပါပုနာတိ ဧတံ၊ ေသ ပိ ေဒသံ ေနာ သ၀ံ။ ေဒခတ ဟိ တုေဖ ဧတံ။
သု၀ိဟိတာ ပိ နိတိ။ ဣယံ ဧက ပုလိေသ ပိ အထိ ေယ ဗံဓနံ ၀ါ ပလိကိေလသံ ၀ါ ပါပုနာတိ။ တတ ေဟာတိ
အကသၼာ ေတန ဗံဓနံတိက အံေန စ ဗဟုဇေန ဒ၀ိေယ ဒုခီယတိ။ တတ ဣဆိတ၀ိေယ
ဟုေဖ ဟိ။ ကႎတိ။ မစ်ံ ပဋိပါေမဒေယမာတိ။ ဣေမဟိ စု ဇာေတဟိ ေနာ သံပဋိပဇတိ ဣသာယ အာသုေလာေပန
နိထူလေယန တုလာနာယ အနာ၀ူတိယ အာလသိေယန ကိလမေထန။ ေသ ဣဆိတ၀ိေယ။ ကႎတိ၊ ဧေတ
ဇာတာ ေနာ ဟုေ၀၀ု မမာတိ။ ဧတသ စ သ၀သ မူေလ အနာသုေလာေပ အတူလနာ စ နိတိယံ ဧ ကိလံေတ သိယာ
န ေတ ဥပဂေဆ။ သံစလိတ၀ိေယ တု ၀ဋိတ၀ိေယ ဧတ၀ိေယ ၀ါ။ ေဟ၀ံေမ၀ ဧ ဒခိေယ တုဖာက ေတန ၀တ၀ိေယ။
အံန ေန ေဒခတ။ ေဟ၀ံ စ ေဟ၀ံ စ ေဒ၀ါနံပိယသ အႏုသထိ။ ေသ မဟာဖေလ ဧတသ သံပဋိပါဒ
မဟာ အပါေယ အသံပဋိပတိ။ ပိပဋိပါဒယမီေန ဟိ ဧတံ နထိ သြဂသ အလဓိ ေနာ လာဇာလဓိ။
ဒုအာဟေလ ဟိ ဣမသ ကံမသ ေမ ကုေတ မေန အတိေလေက။ သံပဋိပဇမီေန စု ဧတံ သြဂံ။
အာလာဓယိသထ မမ စ အာနနိယံ ဧဟထ ဣယံ စ လိပီ တိသနခေတန ေသာတ၀ိယ။
အံတလာ ပိ စ တိေသ ခနသိ ခနသိ ဧေကန ပိ ေသာတ၀ိယ ေဟ၀ံ စ ကလံတံ တုေဖ။
စဃထ သံပဋိပါဒယိတေ၀။ ဧတာေယ အဌာေယ ဣယံ လိပိ လိခိတာ ဟိဒ ဧန။
နဂလ၀ိေယာဟာလကာ သသြတံ သမယံ ယုေဇ၀ူ တိ နာဂလဇနသ အကသၼာ ပလိေဗာေဓ ၀။
အကသၼာ ပလိကိေလေသ ၀ ေနာ သိယာ တိ။ ဧတာေယ အဌေယ ဟကံ ဓမေတ ပံစသု ပံစသု ၀ေသ--
သု နိခါမယိသာမိ ဧ အခခေသ အစံေဍ သခိနာလံေဘ ေဟာသတိ။ ဧတံ အဌံ ဇာနိတု တထာ
ကလံတိ အထ မမ အနသထီတိ။ ဥေဇနိေတ ပိ စု ကုမာေလ ဧတာေယ ၀ အဌာေယ နိခါမယိသ…။
ေဟဒိသံ ေမ၀ ၀ဂံ ေနာ စ အတိကာမယိသတိ တႎနိ ၀သာနိ။ ေဟ၀ေမ၀ တခသိလာေတ ပိ၊ အဒါ အ…
ေတ မဟာမာတာ နိခမိသံတိ အႏုသယာနံ တဒါ အဟာပယိတု အတေန ကမံ ဧတံ ပိ ဇာနိသံတိ
တံ ပိ တထာ ကလံတိ အထ လာဇိေန အႏုသထီ တိ။

ေဒ၀ါနံပိယမင္းႀကီး၏ စကားေတာ္ျဖင့္ ေတာသာလိျပည္အမတ္ႀကီး၊ ၀ါ၊ ၀န္ႀကီးတို႔ႏွင့္ ၿမိဳ႕၀န္တို႔အား မိန္႔ၾကားအပ္သည္မွာ--
တစံုတရာအား ငါျမင္၍ အလို႐ွိလွ်င္ ေဆာင္႐ြက္ဖြယ္ လုပ္ငန္းကို ငါစီစဥ္၍ နည္းလမ္းကို ငါ ႐ွာႀကံၿပီးေသာ္ အေရးအႀကီးဆံုးဟု ငါထင္ေသာ နည္းလမ္းကို သင္တို႔အား ၫႊန္ၾကားခ်က္ ျဖစ္ေစ၏။
သင္တို႔သည္ ေထာင္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာေသာ သတၱ၀ါတို႔၏ မွီခိုရာ ျဖစ္၏။ ငါတို႔သည္ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတို႔၏ ၾကည္ညိဳျခင္းကို ခံယူၾကကုန္အံ့။
ခပ္သိမ္းေသာ သူတို႔သည္ ငါ၏ သားသမီးမ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကကုန္၏။ ငါ၏ သားသမီးမ်ားအား ဤေလာကႏွင့္ တမလြန္ေလာကတို႔၏ စီပြားခ်မ္းသာအေပါင္းႏွင့္ ငါယွဥ္ေစလိုသည္နည္းတူ၊ ခပ္သိမ္းေသာ သူတို႔အားလည္း ငါယွဥ္ေစလို၏။ ဤငါ၏ ရည္႐ြယ္ခ်က္ ႐ွိသ၍ သင္တို႔ သိၾကမည္ မဟုတ္။ အကယ္၍ တေယာက္တေလ သိေသာ္လည္း တစိတ္တေဒသကိုသာ သိေပမည္။ အလံုးစံု သိမည္ မဟုတ္ေပ။
ဤအခ်က္ကို သင္တို႔ သတိမူၾကကုန္။ ဥပေဒစည္းကမ္းမ်ားကို ေကာင္းစြာ ျပဌာန္းထားၿငားလည္း တစံုတေယာက္ေသာသူသည္ အက်ဥ္းခ်ထားျခင္းကို၎ ႏွိပ္စက္ ညႇင္းပန္းျခင္းကို၎ အေၾကာင္းမဲ့ခံရေသာ္ ထိုအက်ဥ္းခံရသူႏွင့္ နီးစပ္သူ (ေဆြမ်ိဳးသားခ်င္း) တို႔သည္၎ အျခား မ်ားစြာေသာ သူတို႔သည္၎ အတိုင္းထက္ အလြန္ ဆင္းရဲ ဒုကၡေရာက္ၾကရကုန္၏။
ထိုေၾကာင့္ သင္တို႔သည္ မယုတ္မလြန္ အလယ္အလတ္လမ္းကို လိုက္ရန္ အားထုတ္ၾကရာ၏။ သို႔ရာတြင္ ျငဴစူျခင္း ေပါ့ေလ်ာ့ျခင္း ၾကမ္းၾကဳတ္ခက္ထန္ျခင္း အေဆာတလင္ျပဳျခင္း မကၽြမ္းက်င္ျခင္း ပ်င္းရိျခင္း ေမာပမ္းလြယ္ျခင္းတို႔သည္ (ကိုစိတ္ႏွစ္ပါး၌) ျဖစ္ေပၚေနခဲ့ေသာ္ ဤအလယ္အလတ္လမ္းသို႔ မေရာက္ႏိုင္ရာ။ ထိုေၾကာင့္ မိမိ၏ သ႑ာန္၌ ထိုအျခင္းအရာတို႔ မျဖစ္ေပၚ မကိန္းေအာင္းရန္ အားထုတ္ရာ၏။
ဤခပ္သိမ္းေသာ အျခင္းအရာတို႔၏ (မျဖစ္ေပၚရာေသာ) အေၾကာင္းရင္းသည္ကား မေပါ့ေလ်ာ့ျခင္းႏွင့္ အေဆာတလင္မျပဳျခင္း ျဖစ္၏။ (အားထုတ္ေဆာင္႐ြက္ရာ၌) အၿမဲ ေမာပန္းလြယ္ေသာ သူသည္ ထိုအလယ္အလတ္လမ္းသို႔ မေရာက္ႏိုင္ရာ။
ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ သင္တို႔သည္ ထႂကြလံု႔လျပဳၾကေလာ့။ မနားမေန ေဆာင္႐ြက္ၾကေလာ့။ သင္တို႔သည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းကို သိျမင္လ်က္ ဤသို႔ ေျပာၾကားရာ၏။
ဤအမိန္႔ေတာ္ကို သင္တို႔ ႐ႈၾကကုန္။ နတ္တို႔ ခ်စ္ျမတ္ႏိုးေသာ မင္းၾကီးသည္ ဤသို႔ ဤသို႔လွ်င္ ၫႊန္ၾကားဆုန္းမပိ၏။ ထုိအဆုန္းအမတို႔အား ေကာင္းစြာ လိုက္နာေသာ္ ႀကီးစြာေသာ အက်ိဳးရကို ရ၍ မလိုက္နာေသာ္ ႀကီးစြာေသာ ပ်က္စီးျခင္းတို႔ ေရာက္ရာ၏။ ဤအဆုန္းအမမွ ေဖာက္ျပန္၍ က်င့္ေသာ သူတို႔သည္ နတ္တို႔အားလည္း မႏွစ္ၿမိဳ႕ေစ။ မင္းႀကီးအားလည္း မႏွစ္ၿမိဳ႕ေစ။
ငါ၏ အမႈေတာ္ကို အလြန္ေလးစားေသာ စိတ္ျဖင့္ ေဆာင္႐ြက္သူတို႔သည္ကား အက်ိဳးႏွစ္ပါးကို ၿပီးေစအံ့။ ထိုသူတို႔သည္ ငါ၏ အဆုန္းအမကို လိုက္နာသျဖင့္ နတ္ျပည္ခ်မ္းသာကို ရ၍ ငါမင္းႀကီးအား တင္႐ွိေသာ ၀တၱရားေႂကြးမွ ကင္းလြတ္ျခင္းသို႔လည္း ေရာက္ၾကကုန္အ့့ံ။
ဤကဗ်ည္းကို တိသ (ဖုသွ်) နကၡတ္ႏွင့္ ယွဥ္ေသာ ေနတို႔၏ အၾကား၌လည္း မၾကာမၾကာ တေယာက္တည္းပင္ ျဖစ္ေစကာ ၾကားနာရာ၏။ ဤသို႔ ေဆာင္႐ြက္ျခင္းျဖင့္ သင္တို႔သည္ မိမိတို႔၏ ၀တၱရားမ်ားကို ေက်ပြန္ရန္ အားထုတ္ၾကကုန္ေလာ့။
ၿမိဳ႕၀န္တို႔သည္ ၿမိဳ႕သူၿမိဳ႕သားတို႔အား အေၾကာင္းမဲ့ ခ်ဳတ္ခ်ယ္ျခင္း ညႇင္းဆဲျခင္း မ႐ွိရန္ အခါခပ္သိမ္း အားထုတ္ေစျခင္းအလို႔ငွာ ဤကဗ်ည္းကို ေရးေစ၏။
ဤအလို႔ငွာ ငါသည္ ငါးႏွစ္ ငါးႏွစ္ေျမာက္တိုင္း အမတ္ႀကီးတို႔ကို ေစလႊတ္အံ့။ ထိုသူတို႔သည္ မၾကမ္းထမ္း မရက္စက္ သိမ္ေမြ႕သည္ ျဖစ္လိမ့္အံ့၊ ဤအခ်က္ကို သတိမူလ်က္ ထုိအမတ္ႀကီးမ်ားသည္ ငါၫႊန္ၾကားသည့္အတိုင္း ေဆာင္႐ြက္ၾကကုန္အံ့။
ဤအလို႔ငွာပင္ ဥေဇၨနီျပည္႐ွိ ငါ၏ သားေတာ္မင္းသားသည္လည္း သံုးႏွစ္ မလြန္မွီ တႀကိမ္က် အလားတူ အမႈထမ္းတို႔အား ေစလႊတ္ရာ၏။ တကၠသိုလ္ျပည္မွလည္း ထုိနည္းတူ ေစလႊတ္ေစသတည္း။
အမတ္ႀကီးတို႔သည္ ခရီးထြက္ခြာ သြားလာၾကေသာအခါ မိမိတို႔၏ အမႈကိစၥမ်ားကို မလစ္ဟင္းေစပဲ ဤကိစၥကိုလည္း သတိမူလ်က္ မင္းႀကီးၫႊန္ၾကားေတာ္မူသည္အတိုင္း ေဆာင္႐ြက္ၾကေစကုန္သတည္း။
(အေသာကေက်ာက္စာမ်ား-ဦးဖိုးလတ္)

Thus saith His Sacred Majesty: At Samapa the High Officers are to be addressed in the King's words, as follows: ' Whatsoever my views are I desire them to be acted on in practice and carried into effect by certain means. And in my opinion the chief means for attaining this purpose are my instructions to you.
"All men are my children;" and, just as I desire for my children that they may enjoy every kind of prosperity and happiness both in this world and, in the next, so also I desire the same for all men. [If you ask] "With regard to the unsubdued borderers what is the king's command to us?” [The answer is that] “The King desires that ' they should not be afraid of me, that they should trust me, and should receive from me happiness, not sorrow.' Moreover, they should grasp the truth that ' the King will bear patiently with us,' and that 'for my sake they should follow the Law of Piety and so gain both this world and the next.' “And for this purpose I give you instructions. Thereby being freed from my debt, giving instructions to you and making known my will, my inflexible resolve and promise.
Now you, acting accordingly, must do your work, and must make these people trust me and grasp the truth that "the King is to us even as a father; he loves us even as he loves himself ; we are to the King even as his children."
By instructing you and intimating my will, my inflexible resolve and promise, I shall be provided with [trained] local officials for this business, because you are in a position to make these people trust me and to ensure their prosperity both in this world and in the next, and by so doing you may win heaven and also effect my release from debt [or " discharge your debt to me "].
And for this purpose has this scripture of the law of piety been written here, in order that the High Officers may strive without ceasing both to secure the confidence of these borderers and to set them moving on the path of piety.
And this scripture must be recited at the beginning of each season of four months on the Tishya day. In the intervals also it may be recited. On occasion it may be recited even to one person. By acting this you should endeavor to fulfil my instructions.'
(Asoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India- V. A. Smith)


The High Officers of Tosali in charge of the administration of the city, are to be addressed as follows at the command of His Sacred Majesty: Whatsoever I view (as right) I want to see how it can be carried out in practice and fulfilled by proper means.
And this is regarded by me as the principal means to this end, viz., (to give) instructions to you.
For you are placed over thousands of souls l with the object of getting to the people's affection.
All men are as my children. As, on behalf of my own children, I desire that they may be provided with complete welfare and happiness both in this world and the next, the same I desire also for (all) men. Now you do not understand how far this matter goes. Some individual person understands this, but he, too, only a part, not the whole. See to it then, although you are well provided for. In administration, it happens that some individual undergoes imprisonment or torture, which accidentally becomes the cause of his death, and many other persons are deeply aggrieved over it. There must you demand that the Middle Path (i.e., moderation or justice) be observed. But one cannot achieve success through the following traits: envy, volatility, cruelty, impatience, want of application, laziness, and lethargy. "That these traits be not mine" is to be wished for. The root of the whole matter is, indeed, Steadiness and Patience. He who is tired in administration will not rise up; but one should move, advance and march on.
He who will look after this must tell you: "See to the discharge of your obligations (to the king). Such and such is the instruction of His Sacred Majesty."
Observance of same produces great good, non-observance great calamity. For if one fails to observe this, there will not be attainment of either heaven or royal favor. The reason why (there is) my excessive thought (is) that of this duty (there is) a twofold gain, for by properly fulfilling it you will win both heaven and release from your obligations to me.
And this edict is to be listened to on (every day of) the Tisya, 1 and in the intervals between the Tisya days, on auspicious occasions, it may be listened to even by individuals.
Thus doing you will be able to accomplish (this object). For this purpose has this edict been inscribed here that the city Magistrates 4 may strive all the time that there might not be the imprisonment of the citizens or their torture without cause.
And for this purpose shall I depute every five years [a Mahamatra (Jaugada text)] who would be neither harsh nor violent but considerate in action, (in order to ascertain whether (the Judicial Officers) understanding this purpose are acting thus, as (is) my injunction.
But from Ujjayim, too, the prince (governor) will, for the self -same purpose, depute a similar body of officers and will not allow (more than) three years to elapse. So also from Takhasila. When . . . these High Officers would thus set out on tour, then they would, without neglecting their own duties, will ascertain this as well, viz., whether (the Judicial Officers) are carrying out this also thus, as is the king's injunction.
(Asoka-R.K. Mookerji)

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